#TicTacToe game
from tkinter import *
import tkinter.messagebox
mainWin = Tk()
mainWin.title("Tic Tac Toe")
click = True
def checker(buttons):
global click
if buttons["text"] == " " and click == True:
buttons["text"] = 'X'
click = False
elif buttons["text"] == " " and click == False:
buttons["text"] = 'O'
click = True
elif(
(button1["text"] == 'X' and button2["text"] == 'X' and button3["text"] == 'X') or
(button4["text"] == 'X' and button5["text"] == 'X' and button6["text"] == 'X') or
(button7["text"] == 'X' and button8["text"] == 'X' and button9["text"] == 'X') or
(button1["text"] == 'X' and button4["text"] == 'X' and button7["text"] == 'X') or
(button2["text"] == 'X' and button5["text"] == 'X' and button8["text"] == 'X') or
(button3["text"] == 'X' and button6["text"] == 'X' and button9["text"] == 'X') or
(button1["text"] == 'X' and button5["text"] == 'X' and button9["text"] == 'X') or
(button3["text"] == 'X' and button5["text"] == 'X' and button7["text"] == 'X')
):
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo("Winner : X", "You have just won a game")
elif(
(button1["teOt"] == 'O' and button2["teOt"] == 'O' and button3["teOt"] == 'O') or
(button4["teOt"] == 'O' and button5["teOt"] == 'O' and button6["teOt"] == 'O') or
(button7["teOt"] == 'O' and button8["teOt"] == 'O' and button9["teOt"] == 'O') or
(button1["teOt"] == 'O' and button4["teOt"] == 'O' and button7["teOt"] == 'O') or
(button2["teOt"] == 'O' and button5["teOt"] == 'O' and button8["teOt"] == 'O') or
(button3["teOt"] == 'O' and button6["teOt"] == 'O' and button9["teOt"] == 'O') or
(button1["teOt"] == 'O' and button5["teOt"] == 'O' and button9["teOt"] == 'O') or
(button3["teOt"] == 'O' and button5["teOt"] == 'O' and button7["teOt"] == 'O')
):
tkinter.messageboO.showinfo("Winner : O", "You have just won a game")
buttons = StringVar()
button1 = Button(mainWin,text=" ",font = ('Times 26 bold'), height=4, width=8,command=lambda:checker(button1))
button1.grid(row=1,column=0,sticky=S+N+E+W)
button2 = Button(mainWin,text=" ",font = ('Times 26 bold'), height=4, width=8,command=lambda:checker(button2))
button2.grid(row=1,column=1,sticky=S+N+E+W)
button3 = Button(mainWin,text=" ",font = ('Times 26 bold'), height=4, width=8,command=lambda:checker(button3))
button3.grid(row=1,column=2,sticky=S+N+E+W)
button4 = Button(mainWin,text=" ",font = ('Times 26 bold'), height=4, width=8,command=lambda:checker(button4))
button4.grid(row=2,column=0,sticky=S+N+E+W)
button5 = Button(mainWin,text=" ",font = ('Times 26 bold'), height=4, width=8,command=lambda:checker(button5))
button5.grid(row=2,column=1,sticky=S+N+E+W)
button6 = Button(mainWin,text=" ",font = ('Times 26 bold'), height=4, width=8,command=lambda:checker(button6))
button6.grid(row=2,column=2,sticky=S+N+E+W)
button7 = Button(mainWin,text=" ",font = ('Times 26 bold'), height=4, width=8,command=lambda:checker(button7))
button7.grid(row=3,column=0,sticky=S+N+E+W)
button8 = Button(mainWin,text=" ",font = ('Times 26 bold'), height=4, width=8,command=lambda:checker(button8))
button8.grid(row=3,column=1,sticky=S+N+E+W)
button9 = Button(mainWin,text=" ",font = ('Times 26 bold'), height=4, width=8,command=lambda:checker(button9))
button9.grid(row=3,column=2,sticky=S+N+E+W)
mainWin.mainloop()
#Inheritence and Modularity in Python
#------------------testing.py----------------------------
class Test:
a = 10
b = 0
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.a = x
self.b = y
def sum(self):
return self.a + self.b
def diff(self):
return abs(self.a - self.b)
def mult(self):
return self.a*self.b
#---------------end of FileA.py------------------------
#------------------FileB.py----------------------------
from testing import Test
testObj = Test(100,200)
class extra(Test):
pass
def main():
print(testObj.sum())
exobj = extra(20,50)
print('{} + {} = {}'.format(exobj.a,exobj.b,exobj.sum()))
if 'name' == main():
main()
#Practising Class
import random
import pygame
STARTING_BLUE_BLOBS = 10
STARTING_RED_BLOBS = 10
WIDTH = 800
HEIGHT = 600
WHITE = (255,255,255)
BLACK = (0,0,0)
BLUE = (0,0,255)
RED = (255,0,0)
GREEN = (0,255,00)
game_display = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH,HEIGHT))
pygame.display.set_caption('Blob World')
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
class Blob:
def __init__(self,color):
self.x = random.randrange(0 ,WIDTH)
self.y = random.randrange(0,HEIGHT)
self.size = random.randrange(10,20)
self.color = color
def move(self):
self.move_x = random.randrange(-1,2)
self.move_y = random.randrange(-1,2)
self.x += self.move_x
self.y += self.move_y
if self.x < 0: self.x = 0
elif self.x >WIDTH : self.x = WIDTH
if self.y < 0: self.y = 0
elif self.y > HEIGHT: self.y = HEIGHT
def draw_environment(blob_list):
game_display.fill(WHITE)
for blob_dict in blob_list:
for blob_id in blob_dict:
blob = blob_dict[blob_id]
pygame.draw.circle(game_display,blob.color,[blob.x,blob.y],blob.size)
blob.move()
pygame.display.update()
def main():
blue_blobs = dict(enumerate([Blob(BLUE) for i in range(STARTING_BLUE_BLOBS)]))
red_blobs = dict(enumerate([Blob(RED) for i in range(STARTING_RED_BLOBS)]))
while True:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
pygame.quit()
quit()
draw_environment([blue_blobs,red_blobs])
clock.tick(60)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
#Understanding Methods:
#NOTE : A method is same as function except it is used within a Class and does not necessarily return values
class Account:
'''Simple account class with balance'''
def __init__(self, name, balance):
self.name = name
self.balance = balance
print('Account created for ' +self.name)
def deposit(self, amount) :
if amount >= 0:
self.balance +=amount
def withdraw(self, amount):
if 0< amount <= self.balance:
self.balance -= amount
print('{} is withdrwan'.format(amount))
self.show_balance()
else:
print('Not allowed')
self.show_balance()
def show_balance(self):
print('balance is {}'.format(self.balance))
if __name__ == '__main__':
saurav = Account('Saurav',0)
saurav.show_balance()
saurav.deposit(1000)
saurav.show_balance()
x = int(input('Enter value : '))
saurav.withdraw(x)
#Class Attributes and Instance attributes
class Kettle(object):
power_source = 'electricity'
def __init__(self, make, price):
self.make = make
self.price = price
self.ON = False
def swith_on(self):
self.ON = True
kenwood = Kettle('kenwood',9.99)
hamilton = Kettle('hamilton',14.55)
print('{} kettle cost {} and {} kettle cost {}'.format(kenwood.make,kenwood.price,hamilton.make,hamilton.price))
print('Models : {0.make} costs {0.price} and {1.make} costs {1.price}'.format(kenwood,hamilton))
print(hamilton.ON)
hamilton.swith_on()
print(hamilton.ON)
print(Kettle.swith_on(kenwood))
#why none
kenwood.power = 1.5
print(kenwood.power)
#Note : though we do not have any variable named POWER in class kettle,
# still we can perform the above declaration/assignment as python supports dynamic programming
#print(hamilton.power) This is not possible as we have not assigned any value to hamilton.powe
hamilton.power = 12
print(hamilton.power)
#But this is possible as we have done assignment for hamilton.power
print('{} : for Kettle class -------- {} : for hamilton -------- {} : for kenwood'.format(Kettle.power_source,hamilton.power_source,kenwood.power_source))
hamilton.power_source = 'heat'
print('{} : for Kettle class -------- {} : for hamilton -------- {} : for kenwood'.format(Kettle.power_source,hamilton.power_source,kenwood.power_source))
Kettle.power_source = 'ATOMIC'
print('{} : for Kettle class -------- {} : for hamilton -------- {} : for kenwood'.format(Kettle.power_source,hamilton.power_source,kenwood.power_source))
#Note : Class Attributes can be used as a static variable only if it is accesses as ClassName.VariableName (Like Kettle.power_source) in our case.
#if the attribute is modified by any of the instance, only attribute value for that instance is modified.
#even if you modify the class attribute to a new value, instance attribute value is kept the same. Like Heat as power source for hamilton in our case.
#Though we modified the Class attribute to charcoal but instance attribute(if modified) is lept as 'heat' and not modified
print('-'*100)
print(Kettle.__dict__)
print(kenwood.__dict__)
print(hamilton.__dict__)
#while accessing values, an instance first checks in its own instance dictionary, if not found it uses values of its Class Attributes
#As instance of hamilton has power_source = heat, hence it will not take values from its class Class Attributes. Whereas, kenwood will take power_source values from its class attributes
#UNDERSTANDING CLASSES
class Kettle(object):
def __init__(self,make,price):
self.make = make
self.price = price
self.ON = False
kenwood = Kettle('kenwood',9.99)
hamilton = Kettle('hamilton',14.55)
print('{} kettle cost {} and {} kettle cost {}'.format(kenwood.make,kenwood.price,hamilton.make,hamilton.price))
print(type(kenwood))
print(type(hamilton))
if type(kenwood) == type(hamilton):
print('They are instance of same class, hence have similar features with different attributes')
else:
print('Aha!!! are you sure what you wanna ask')
#Installing PyGame
Navigate to your directory of Python-Scripts and run the command as below D:\Downloads\Softwares\python download\python-installed\Scripts>pip install pygame Collecting pygame Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e4/1f/23e1620de98d3eff46cbd470dc9465c5b860c06d37787781d756135b512b/pygame-1.9.3-cp36-cp36m-win_amd64.whl (4.2MB) 100% |████████████████████████████████| 4.2MB 819kB/s Installing collected packages: pygame Successfully installed pygame-1.9.3 D:\Downloads\Softwares\python download\python-installed\Scripts>
#A Simple Web Spider
from multiprocessing import Pool
import bs4 as bs
import random
import requests
import string
def randomUrl():
rand = random.randint(2,10)
websiteName = ''.join(random.SystemRandom().choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for _ in range(4))
url = ''.join(['http://www.',websiteName,'.com'])
return url
def handleLocalLinks(url,link):
if link.startswith('/'):
return ''.join([url,link])
else:
return link
def get_links(url):
try:
resp = requests.get(url)
soup = bs.BeautifulSoup(resp.text, 'lxml')
body = soup.body
links = [link.get('href') for link in body.find_all('a')]
links = [handleLocalLinks(url,link) for link in links]
links = [str(link.encode('ascii')) for link in links]
return links
except TypeError as TE:
print(TE)
print('Type error !!! May be we are trying to iterate over an empty list')
return []
except IndexError as IE:
print(IE)
print('Index Error !!! May be we are trying to iterate over emplty list')
return []
except AttributeError as AE:
print(AE)
print('Attribute Error!!! May be we are missing attrinutes in our search')
return []
except Exception as E:
print(str(E))
#log this error in a file
return []
def main():
noOfProcessors = 50
p = Pool(processes=noOfProcessors)
parse_us = [randomUrl() for _ in range(noOfProcessors)]
data = p.map(get_links, [link for link in parse_us])
data = [url for url_list in data for url in url_list]
p.close()
with open('urls.txt','w') as f:
f.write(str(data))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
#Generating Random website names of length 1-10
import random
import string
def random_starting_url():
rand = random.randint(1,10)
websiteName= ''.join(random.SystemRandom().choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for i in range(rand))
url = ''.join(['http://www.',websiteName,'.com'])
return url
url = random_starting_url()
print(url)
Installing BautifulSoup
https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/download/ download latest version. This will give you a tar.gz zip file. Unzip using 7zip/WinZip,etc and navigate to find setup.py file Now cmdLine>setup.py install let it complete : Done
#Understanding Pool and Processes and returning values back to calling process
#pool allows us to create a pool of process workers
from multiprocessing import Pool
def job(num):
print('i m in job func - {}'.format(num))
return num
if __name__ =='__main__':
p = Pool(processes=10)
#here we are specifying 10 process, Start Task manager to verify this
data = p.map(job,'Hello')
#instead of 'Hello' string you can use any iterable, even generators
#You can not pass the arguemnt through parantheseis like regular function,
# Here you have to use above method to pass argument
p.close()
print(type(data))
#The output of the p.map() is stored in a list
print('I m in main - {}'.format(data))
#Simple Multiprocessing
#In general if we do not use Multiprocessing we can only use 16% of the CPU by a Python program
# Due to GIL(Global Interpreter lock) : meant for memory management locks
# as many functionality depends on GIL value, we are not suppose to increase this,
# Hence Multiprocessing helps using CPU-cores more optimally
import multiprocessing
x=0
def justPrinting(num):
print('I am the Child Thread!!! ', num)
print('Main thread !!!', x+1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
for i in range(200):
Th1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=justPrinting, args=(i,))
#If you want to pass arguments in the process you can do it directly as you do in other methods
# or you can use 'args' key work.
# If you are passing only one argument make sure to end it with a comma ','
Th1.start()
# Th1.join()
#Breaking ATM-PIN using Generators – Shorter/Smarter Code
#Note Only the length of the code is reduced. The number of execution remains the same
ATM_PIN = (4,2,0,6)
def combo_gen():
for p1 in range(10):
for p2 in range(10):
for p3 in range(10):
for p4 in range(10):
yield (p1,p2,p3,p4)
count =0
for (a,b,c,d) in combo_gen():
count += 1
if(a,b,c,d) == ATM_PIN:
print('Cracked your Lock : {}'.format((a,b,c,d)))
break
print('It took me {} chances to crack it'.format(count))
#Breaking ATM-PIN by Brute-force : Stupid Long Way
print('-'*40)
ATM_PIN = (9,1,0,2)
count =0
flag = False
for p1 in range(10):
for p2 in range(10):
if flag == True:
break
for p3 in range(10):
if flag == True:
break
for p4 in range(10):
if flag == True:
break
count += 1
if (p1,p2,p3,p4) == ATM_PIN:
print('Cracked your Lock : {}'.format((p1,p2,p3,p4)))
flag = True
if flag == True:
break
print('It took me {} chances to crack it'.format(count))
#Zip Function
#The zip function takes elements from multiple enumerator and pack them into 1. So that they share same index value
x = [1,2,3,6,11]
y = [65,32,6,61,2]
z = ['a','bc','xyz','pqr','st']
for a,b,c in zip(x,y,z):
print('{:>2} {:>2} {:>3}'.format(a,b,c))
print('-'*20)
for i in zip(x,y,z):
print(i)
print('-'*20)
print(list(zip(x,y,z))) #you can easily convert a zip to a list
print('-'*20)
print(dict(zip(y,z))) #you can easily convert a zip to a dictionary, but with only 2 inputs: key-value
print('-'*20)
[print(a,b,c) for a,b,c in zip(x,y,z)]
print('-'*20)
#Note: a is just a single valued variable which iterates over the zip,
# hence outside the iteration/enumeration block the value of a is the value it had at the end of the zip,
# for example - 11 in our case
# as x is list hence it as list variable
print(x)
print(a)
#Enumerators with more than one loop-variable
exList = ['left','right','up','down']
exDict = {'name':'saurav','city':'Calcutta','hobbies':'Programming'}
exTuple= 'Today','is','Sunday'
for i,j in enumerate(exList):
print(i,j)
print('-'*10)
for i,j in enumerate(exDict):
print(j,exDict[j])
print('-'*10)
for i,j in enumerate(exTuple):
print(i,j)
print('----------\nUsing Method 2\n----------')
[print(i,j) for i,j in enumerate(exList)]
print('-'*10)
[print(j,exDict[j]) for i,j in enumerate(exDict)]
print('-'*10)
[print(i,j) for i,j in enumerate(exTuple)]
#Exploring generator-nesting
input_list = [5,43,52,10,55,76,78,95,11,105]
def div_by_five(num):
if num%5==0:
return True
else:
return False
xyz = (i for i in input_list if div_by_five(i))
abc = []
for i in input_list:
if div_by_five(i):
abc.append(i)
for x in xyz:
print(x)
[print(i) for i in xyz]
print('-'*20)
[[print('{:2} X {:2} is {:2}'.format(j,i,j*i))for i in range(1,4)] for j in range(1,4)]
print('-'*20)
pqr = ([[(q,p) for p in range(5)]for q in range(5)])
print([i for i in range(10)])
print('-'*20)
print([i for i in pqr])
#Exploring Difference between Generator and Memory variable
import time
x1 = time.time()
xyz = [i for i in range(500000)]
x2 = time.time()
print('List completed in {} seconds'.format(x2-x1))
xyz = (i for i in range(500000))
x3 = time.time()
print('Generator completed in {} seconds'.format(x3-x2))
#Exploring ARGPARSE through cmd Line
import argparse
import sys
import os
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--x',type=float,default=1.0,
help='What is the first number ?')
parser.add_argument('--y',type=float,default=1.0,
help='What is the second number ?')
parser.add_argument('--operation',type=str,default='sum',
help='Available Operation ? sum, subs, mult, div')
args = parser.parse_args()
sys.stdout.write(str(calculator(args)))
def calculator(args):
op = args.operation
a = args.x
b = args.y
if op == 'sum':
return a+b
elif op == 'subs':
return abs(a-b)
elif op == 'mult':
return a*b
elif op == 'div':
return max(a/b,b/a)
else:
'please type help to know more'
if __name__ == '__main__' :
main()
#Working with Thread and Queue
import threading
from queue import Queue
import time
print_lock = threading.Lock()
def exampleJob(worker):
time.sleep(0.5)
with print_lock:
print(threading.current_thread().name, worker)
def threader():
while True:
exampleJob(q.get())
q.task_done()
q= Queue()
for x in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=threader)
t.daemon = True
t.start()
start = time.time()
for worker in range(20):
q.put(worker)
q.join()
print('Entire job took : ', time.time() - start)
#Parsing Websites with re and urllib
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse
import re
url = 'http://pythonprogramming.net'
values = {'s':'basics',
'submit':'search'
}
data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)
data = data.encode('utf-8')
req = urllib.request.Request(url,data)
resp = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
respData = resp.read()
# print(respData)
paragraps = re.findall(r'<p>(.*?)</p>',str(respData))
for p in paragraps:
print(p)
#REGEX
#it means identying patterns from string/inputs
regExList = '''
Identifiers:
\d any number
\D anything but a number
\s space
\S anything but a space
\w any character
\W anything but a character
. any character, except for a newline
\b the white space around the words
\. a period
Modifiers:
{1,3} we are expecting 1-3
+ match 1 or more
? match 0 1
* match 0 or more
$ match the end of the string
^ match the beginning of the String
| either/or
[] range or 'variance' example [A-Za-z0-9]
{x} expecting 'x' amount
White Spce Characters
\n new line
\s space
\t tab
\e escape
\f form feed
\r return
DONT FORGET!
. + * ? [] $ ^ () {} \ \
'''
print(regExList)
import re
exampleString ='''
Jessica is 15 years old, and Daniel is 27 years old.
Edward is 97, and hos grandfather, Oscar, is 102.
'''
#Now let us run REGEX in exampleString
ages = re.findall(r'\d{1,3}',exampleString)
names = re.findall(r'[A-Z][a-z]*',exampleString)
print(ages)
print(names)
for i in range(0,len(ages)):
print('{} is {} years old'.format(names[i],ages[i]))
#Exploring urllib and user-agent headers
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse
try:
x = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.google.co.in/search?q=testing')
print(x.read)
except Exception as myExcp:
print(str(myExcp))
#The Above method may forbid you from visiting few sites, as these website block users based on their User-Agent/Browser-Agent value
try:
url='https://www.google.co.in/search?q=testing'
headers={}
headers['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:60.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/60.0'
req = urllib.request.Request(url,headers=headers)
resp=urllib.request.urlopen(req)
respData = resp.read()
saveFile = open('withHeders.txt','w')
saveFile.write(str(respData))
saveFile.close()
except Exception as e:
print(str(e))
#Exploring urllib
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse
# x = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.pythonprogramming.net/search/?q=basic')
# print(x.read)
pref = 'http://'
myInput = 'pythonprogramming.net'
url = pref+myInput
values = {'':'search',
'q' : 'basic'
}
data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)
data = data.encode('utf-8')
req = urllib.request.Request(url,data)
resp = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
respData = resp.read()
print(respData)
#Working With Exception handling
import csv
glcodes = []
maingroups = []
with open('maingroup_master.csv', 'r') as myFileLink:
readComma = csv.reader(myFileLink,delimiter = ',')
for row in readComma:
glcode = row[0]
maingroup = row[1]
glcodes.append(glcode)
maingroups.append(maingroup)
print(glcodes)
print(maingroups)
try:
whatCode = input('Enter Code to see maingroup')
CodeIndex = glcodes.index(whatCode)
print(maingroups[CodeIndex])
#except Exception, excp : this is used in python 2.x
except Exception as exps:
print(exps)
#Working with CSV files
import csv
glcodes = []
maingroups = []
with open('maingroup_master.csv', 'r') as myFileLink:
readComma = csv.reader(myFileLink,delimiter = ',')
for row in readComma:
glcode = row[0]
maingroup = row[1]
glcodes.append(glcode)
maingroups.append(maingroup)
print(glcodes)
print(maingroups)
whatCode = input('Enter Code to see maingroup')
CodeIndex = glcodes.index(whatCode)
print(maingroups[CodeIndex])
#Exploring Module Functionality
#Make sure both the filenames are under same root directory path
#Filename = ScratchPad.py
def ex(data):
print(data)
def sum(a,b):
return a+b
-----------------------------------
#Filename = extraScratchPad.py
import ScratchPad
ScratchPad.ex('Hello Python')
x = ScratchPad.sum(21,3)
print('X = ',x)
#Importing Modules in Python
from statistics import mean as m,variance as v, stdev as sd exm = [1,2,43,5,1,7,6.9,7,9,1] print(m(exm)) print(sd(exm)) print(v(exm))
#Exploring Functions and tkinter
from tkinter import *
def parabola(myCanvas, size):
for x in range(-size,size):
y = x*x/size # /100 though is mathematically incorrect, but we are doing this just to fit in the grapgh area
plot(myCanvas,x,-y)
# -y because conventional python tkinter values goes positive from up to down, but co-ordinate system acts just the opposite
def draw_axes(myCanvas):
myCanvas.update()
x_origin = myCanvas.winfo_width()/2
y_origin = myCanvas.winfo_height()/2
myCanvas.configure(scrollregion=(-x_origin, -y_origin , x_origin , y_origin))
myCanvas.create_line(-x_origin,0,x_origin,0,fill='red')
myCanvas.create_line(0,-y_origin,0,y_origin,fill='purple')
def plot(myCanvas, x, y):
myCanvas.create_line(x,y, x+1,y+1, fill='blue')
mainWin = Tk()
mainWin.geometry('640x480')
mainWin.title('The parabola')
myCanvas = Canvas(mainWin,width=600,height=600)
myCanvas.grid(row=0,column=0)
draw_axes(myCanvas)
parabola(myCanvas, 100)
parabola(myCanvas, 200)
mainWin.mainloop()
from tkinter import *
def parabola(x):
y = x*x/100 # /100 though is mathematically incorrect, but we are doing this just to fit in the grapgh area
return y
def draw_axes(myCanvas):
myCanvas.update()
x_origin = myCanvas.winfo_width()/2
y_origin = myCanvas.winfo_height()/2
myCanvas.configure(scrollregion=(-x_origin, -y_origin , x_origin , y_origin))
myCanvas.create_line(-x_origin,0,x_origin,0,fill='red')
myCanvas.create_line(0,-y_origin,0,y_origin,fill='purple')
def plot(myCanvas, x, y):
myCanvas.create_line(x,y, x+1,y+1, fill='blue')
mainWin = Tk()
mainWin.geometry('640x480')
mainWin.title('The parabola')
myCanvas = Canvas(mainWin,width=300,height=600)
myCanvas.grid(row=0,column=0)
draw_axes(myCanvas)
myCanvas2 = Canvas(mainWin,width=300,height=600,background='white')
myCanvas2.grid(row=0,column=1)
draw_axes(myCanvas2)
for x in range(-500,500):
y=parabola(x)
plot(myCanvas,x,-y)
plot(myCanvas2,x,y)
# -y because conventional python tkinter values goes positive from up to down, but co-ordinate system acts just the opposite
mainWin.mainloop()
from tkinter import *
def parabola(x):
y = x*x/100 # /100 though is mathematically incorrect, but we are doing this just to fit in the grapgh area
return y
def draw_axes(myCanvas):
myCanvas.update()
x_origin = myCanvas.winfo_width()/2
y_origin = myCanvas.winfo_height()/2
myCanvas.configure(scrollregion=(-x_origin, -y_origin , x_origin , y_origin))
myCanvas.create_line(-x_origin,0,x_origin,0,fill='black')
myCanvas.create_line(0,-y_origin,0,y_origin,fill='black')
def plot(myCanvas, x, y):
myCanvas.create_line(x,y,x+1,y+1,fill='red')
mainWin = Tk()
mainWin.geometry('640x480')
mainWin.title('The parabola')
myCanvas = Canvas(mainWin,width=600,height=600)
myCanvas.pack()
draw_axes(myCanvas)
for x in range(-500,500):
y=parabola(x)
plot(myCanvas,x,-y)
# -y because conventional python tkinter values goes positive from up to down, but co-ordinate system acts just the opposite
mainWin.mainloop()
#Exploring tkinter for Window/Scene creation
try:
import tkinter
except ImportError:
import Tkinter as tkinter
#Python 2 and below uses 'Tkinter' instead of 'tkinter'
import os
myWindow = tkinter.Tk()
myWindow.title('Grid Demo')
myWindow.geometry('640x480-500-200') #horizontalLength-verticalLength spacing: -500 and -200 are position
label1 = tkinter.Label(myWindow,text='[tkinter - Grid Demo]')
label1.grid(row=0,column=0,columnspan=3)
myWindow.columnconfigure(0,weight=1)
myWindow.columnconfigure(1,weight=1)
myWindow.columnconfigure(2,weight=3)
myWindow.columnconfigure(3,weight=3)
myWindow.columnconfigure(4,weight=3)
myWindow.rowconfigure(0,weight=1)
myWindow.rowconfigure(1,weight=10)
myWindow.rowconfigure(2,weight=1)
myWindow.rowconfigure(3,weight=3)
myWindow.rowconfigure(4,weight=3)
myFileList = tkinter.Listbox(myWindow)
myFileList.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky='nsew', rowspan=2)
myFileList.config(border=2, relief='sunken') #flat, solid, groove, raised, solid, sunken ,etc
for zone in os.listdir('C:\\'):
myFileList.insert(tkinter.END,zone)
myListScroll = tkinter.Scrollbar(myWindow, orient=tkinter.VERTICAL, command=myFileList.yview())
myListScroll.grid(row=1,column=1,rowspan=2,sticky='nsw')
#As we have filelist and Scrollbar ... its time to link them
myFileList['yscrollcommand']=myListScroll.set
#frame for the raadio buttons
myOptionFrame = tkinter.LabelFrame(myWindow, text='file Details')
myOptionFrame.grid(row=1,column=2,sticky='ne')
myRBvalue = tkinter.IntVar()
myRBvalue.set(3)
radio1 = tkinter.Radiobutton(myOptionFrame,text='FileName',value=1,variable = myRBvalue)
radio2 = tkinter.Radiobutton(myOptionFrame,text='PATH',value=2,variable = myRBvalue)
radio3 = tkinter.Radiobutton(myOptionFrame,text='TimeStamo',value=3,variable = myRBvalue)
radio1.grid(row=0,column=0,sticky='w')
radio2.grid(row=1,column=0,sticky='w')
radio3.grid(row=2,column=0,sticky='w')
#Widget for TextPad Area
myResultLabel = tkinter.Label(myWindow,text='Result-')
myResultLabel.grid(row=2,column=2,sticky='nw')
myResulytText = tkinter.Entry(myWindow)
myResulytText.grid(row=2,column=2,sticky='sw')
#widget for time spinners
myTimeFrame = tkinter.LabelFrame(myWindow,text='Time')
myTimeFrame.grid(row=3,column=0,sticky='ewn')
myTimeFrame['padx'] = 36
#TimeSpinners
myHourSpinner = tkinter.Spinbox(myTimeFrame,width=2,values=tuple(range(0,24)))
myMinSpinner = tkinter.Spinbox(myTimeFrame,width=2,from_=0, to=59) #you can even use range instead of from and to, both does the same things, but remember from_ and not from and to as it is
mySecSpinner = tkinter.Spinbox(myTimeFrame,width=2,from_=0, to=59)
myHourSpinner.grid(row=0,column=0)
tkinter.Label(myTimeFrame,text=' : ').grid(row=0,column=1)
myMinSpinner.grid(row=0,column=2)
tkinter.Label(myTimeFrame,text=' : ').grid(row=0,column=3)
mySecSpinner.grid(row=0,column=4)
#Day Spinner Frame
myDayFrame = tkinter.Frame(myWindow)
myDayFrame.grid(row=4,column=0,sticky='ewn')
#date labes
myDayLabel = tkinter.Label(myDayFrame,text='Day')
myMonthLabel = tkinter.Label(myDayFrame,text='Month')
myYearLabel = tkinter.Label(myDayFrame,text='Year')
myDayLabel.grid(row=0,column=0,sticky='w')
myMonthLabel.grid(row=0,column=1,sticky='w')
myYearLabel.grid(row=0,column=2,sticky='w')
#DateSpinners
monthTuple = 'Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','Jun','Jul','Aug','Sep','Oct','Nov','Dec'
myDaySpinner = tkinter.Spinbox(myDayFrame,width=5,from_=1,to=31)
myMonthSpinner = tkinter.Spinbox(myDayFrame,width=5,values = monthTuple)
myYearSpinner = tkinter.Spinbox(myDayFrame,width=5,from_=2000,to=2099)
myDaySpinner.grid(row=4,column=0,sticky='es')
myMonthSpinner.grid(row=4,column=1,sticky='es')
myYearSpinner.grid(row=4,column=2,sticky='es')
#Buttons
okButton = tkinter.Button(myWindow,text='OK')
cancelButton = tkinter.Button(myWindow,text='Cancel',command=myWindow.quit)
okButton.grid(row=4,column=3,sticky='w')
cancelButton.grid(row=4,column=3,sticky='e')
myWindow.mainloop()
OUTPUT:
#Exploring tkinter with grid geometry manager
import tkinter
myWindow = tkinter.Tk()
myWindow.title('This is myTitle')
myLeftFrame = tkinter.Frame(myWindow)
myRightFrame = tkinter.Frame(myWindow)
label1 = tkinter.Label(myWindow,text='This is myLabel1')
label2 = tkinter.Label(myWindow,text='This is myLabel2')
label3 = tkinter.Label(myWindow,text='This is myLabel3')
button1 = tkinter.Button(myRightFrame,text='This is button1')
button2 = tkinter.Button(myRightFrame,text='This is button2')
button3 = tkinter.Button(myWindow,text='This is button3')
myCanvas = tkinter.Canvas(myLeftFrame, relief = 'raised', borderwidth=1)
label1.grid(row=0,column=0)
label2.grid(row=3,column=1)
label3.grid(row=2,column=2)
myLeftFrame.grid(row=1,column=1)
myRightFrame.grid(row=4,column=4)
button1.grid(row=2,column=0)
button2.grid(row=1,column=2)
button3.grid(row=3,column=2)
myCanvas.grid(row=0,column=5)
myLeftFrame.config(relief='sunken',borderwidth=1)
myRightFrame.config(relief='sunken',borderwidth=1)
myLeftFrame.grid(sticky='ns')
myWindow.mainloop()
#Exploring Tkinter with pack geometry manager
import tkinter
# tkinter._test()
# print(tkinter.TkVersion)
# print(tkinter.TclVersion)
firstWindow = tkinter.Tk()
firstWindow.title('The Title is here')
firstWindow.geometry('460x480')
label = tkinter.Label(firstWindow, text='The Label is here')
label.pack(side='top')
canvas = tkinter.Canvas(firstWindow,relief='raised', borderwidth=1)
canvas.pack(side='left',fill=tkinter.Y)
#for X it does not work the same way like 'Y'. You have to include 'expand=True' if we use side = 'left'
# but if you use side = 'top', 'X' can be used directly but for 'Y' you have to use expand=True parameter
# canvas.pack(side='left',fill=tkinter.X,expand=True)
# The concept is based on preference chosen by 'side'... if you choose horizontal - left/right the Y can be directly used but not X. Similarly for vartical X cab be directly used but not 'Y'
# if you use 'BOTH'. then also you have to use expand=True accordingly
leftFrame = tkinter.Frame(firstWindow)
leftFrame.pack(side='left',anchor='n',fill=tkinter.Y,expand=False)
rightFrame = tkinter.Frame(firstWindow)
rightFrame.pack(side='right',anchor='e',fill=tkinter.Y,expand=False)
button1 = tkinter.Button(firstWindow,text='This is Button1')
button2 = tkinter.Button(firstWindow,text='This is Button2')
button3 = tkinter.Button(firstWindow,text='This is Button3')
button4 = tkinter.Button(rightFrame,text='This is Button4')
button5 = tkinter.Button(firstWindow,text='This is Button5')
button6 = tkinter.Button(leftFrame,text='This is Button6')
button1.pack(side='left')
button2.pack(side='top')
button3.pack(side='right')
button4.pack(side='left',anchor='sw')
button5.pack(side='top',anchor='s')
button6.pack(side='right',anchor='e')
#you can skip anchor tag if you want to use any Button/Label/Etc in Frames/Etc
firstWindow.mainloop()
#TIMEZONES
import pytz
import datetime
withTZ = {}
withoutTZ = {}
for x in sorted(pytz.country_names):
#print('{} : {} : {}'.format(x,pytz.country_names[x],pytz.country_timezones.get(x)))
if pytz.country_timezones.get(x) == None:
# print('{} name is {}'.format(x,pytz.country_names[x]))
# print(pytz.country_names(x))
withoutTZ[x] = pytz.country_timezones.get(x)
else:
withTZ[x] = pytz.country_timezones.get(x)
print('-'*40)
for i in withoutTZ:
print('{} is NONE'.format(i))
print('-'*40)
for i in withTZ:
print('{} is {}'.format(i,withTZ[i]))
#USING TURTLE to CREATE PATTERN
from turtle import circle, done, left, right for i in range(12): circle(75) left(30) done()
#Appending objects to a list in the shelve
#Use of temporary variable and assignment for updating
import shelve
egg_toast = ['egg', 'Butter' , 'bread']
corn_flakes = ['corn_flakes','milk']
sandwich = ['vegies','bread','butter','spice','ketchup']
with shelve.open('Breakfast') as shelveLink:
shelveLink['first'] = egg_toast
shelveLink['second'] = corn_flakes
shelveLink['third'] = sandwich
with shelve.open('Breakfast') as shelveRead:
shelveRead['fifth'] = 'Hello World'
shelveRead['extra'] = 'This task is getting lengthy'
sr = shelve.open('Breakfast')
tempList = sr['first']
tempList.append('peanuts')
#we need to use a tempList to append things because, Shelve does not give us a file, it load the file into memory, we read from memory
# though if you
# sr['first'].append('pea nuts')
#does not give any warning/error but it does not write back to the file
#to write back to the file we have to use assignment operator only
#NOTE: you can also include WRITEBACK=TRUE during shelve open and thus you can directly write back to memory without the use of any temporary variable as here
#You can also use sync() method to clear the memory
sr['first'] = tempList
for i in sr:
print('{} is {} '.format(i,sr[i]))
#ACCESSING SHELVES ITEMS,VALUES AND KEYS
import shelve
fruitNames = shelve.open('ShelveMethod1')
print('-'*40)
for i in fruitNames.items():
print(i)
print('-'*40)
for v in fruitNames.values():
print(v)
print('-'*40)
for k in fruitNames.keys():
print(k)
print('-'*40)
#Operating on Shelve
#Method1
import shelve
#Step1 lets create a shelve, Its a kind of Dictionary saved in a DB file
with shelve.open('ShelveMethod1') as fruit:
fruit['first'] = 'Orange is tangy'
fruit['second'] = 'Mango is sweet'
fruit['third'] = 'lemons are good for lemonades'
fruit['fourth'] = 'Grapes are for fox'
fruit['fifth'] = 'Adam ate that apple'
print(fruit['first'])
# Step2 lets open the Shelve now, You can comment off the code above
fruitName = shelve.open('ShelveMethod1')
for i in fruitName:
print('{} Fruits is {}'.format(i,fruitName[i]))
fruitName.close()
#You can also use 'with shelve.open('ShelveMethod1')
# as
# fruit as fruitName = shelve.open('ShelveMethod1')'
#They both mean the same thing
#That will be you Method2
---------------------------------------------
#NOTE : avoid keeping name of the file same as any of the import package you wish to include this may create issue
#A shelve is basically a dictionary which is instead of storing in memory we store in a persistent file/DB
#all operations/methods of dictiony are valid for shelve
#NOTE : KEY of the shelve can only be a STRING, where as in dictionry it can be any immutable object like tuple or anything
#the underlying file or DB neing used depends on your python engine
import shelve
with shelve.open('shelveFile') as shelveLink:
shelveLink['first'] = 'Orange is Tangy'
shelveLink['second'] = 'Mango is sweet'
shelveLink['third'] = 'Grapes are in bunch'
shelveLink['four'] = 'Lemon taste sour'
shelveLink['Apple'] = 'Adam ate this apple'
# You can comment-off code above and check code below
shelveReading = shelve.open('shelveFile')
shelveReading['fifth'] = 'Apple is good for health'
shelveReading['extra'] = 'I am confused here'
shelveReading
for i in shelveReading:
print('{} is {}'.format(i, shelveReading[i]))
———————————————————-
#OPERATING ON PICKLE
import pickle
myTuple = 'Saurav','Gupta','Male', (
('Country' , 'Inida'),
('State','West Bengal'),
('City','Kolkata')
)
odd = range(1,10,2)
even = range(2,10,2)
myNum = 3123
with open('PickleFile.pickle','wb') as pickleLink:
pickle.dump(myTuple,pickleLink,protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
pickle.dump(odd,pickleLink,protocol=pickle.DEFAULT_PROTOCOL)
pickle.dump(even,pickleLink,protocol=0)
pickle.dump(myNum,pickleLink,protocol=3)
# Now You can Comment-Off the code above to check if Pickle file written can be read or not
with open('PickleFile.pickle','rb') as pickleReading:
myTuple2 = pickle.load(pickleReading)
odd2 = pickle.load(pickleReading)
even2 = pickle.load(pickleReading)
myNum2 = pickle.load(pickleReading)
#Order of load must be same as order of dump
fName , lName, gender, Address = myTuple2
country, state, city = Address
print(fName)
print(city)
print(Address)
print(fName)
print(myNum2)
print(odd2)
for i in odd2:
print(i,end=' ')
#Search words in the document
myReading = open('C:\\Users\\SouravG\\Desktop\\testing2.txt','r')
print('='*100)
myReading2 = open('D:\\sample.txt','r')
lineCount =0
myWord = input('Word to search : ')
myFlag = 0
for currLine in myReading:
lineCount += 1
if myWord.lower() in currLine.lower():
print("{} - {}".format(lineCount,currLine))
myFlag += 1
if myFlag == 0:
print('Not Found')
else:
print('You have {} matches'.format(myFlag))
myReading.close()
# print('='*100)
# print('It is same as example above')
# print('By using "WITH" keyword we dont have to worry about closing the file explicitly')
myWord = input('Enter Your Word : ')
count = 0
lineNum =0
with open('C:\\Users\\SouravG\\Desktop\\testing2.txt','r') as myReading:
for currLine in myReading:
lineNum +=1
if myWord.lower() in currLine.lower():
count += 1
print('{} - {}'.format(lineNum,currLine))
if count==0:
print('Not found')
else:
print('{} matches found'.format(count))
#Direction Game explaining use of Dictionary, list and
#using Dictionary inside a list
location = {0 : 'near you computer, learning Python',
1 : 'at End of the road',
2 : 'at top of the hill',
3 : 'inside a building',
4 : 'in a valley',
5 : 'in a forest'
}
exits = [{"Q" : 0},
{"Q" : 0, "W" : 2,"E" : 3, "N" : 5,"S" : 4},
{"Q" : 0, "N" : 5},
{"Q" : 0, "W" : 1},
{"Q" : 0, "N" : 1,"W" : 2},
{"Q" : 0, "S" : 1,"W" : 2}
]
loc = 1
while True:
availableExist = ''
print('YOU ARE : ', end='')
for direction in exits[loc].keys():
availableExist += direction +', '
print(location[loc])
if loc == 0:
break
direction = input('Avaialble exists are '+availableExist).upper()
print()
if direction in availableExist:
loc = exits[loc][direction]
else:
print('You are not allowed there')
# Dictionary Examples
fruitDictionary = {'apple':'red, healthy fruit',
'mango':'yellow, sweet fruit',
'pear' : "green, odd shaped fruit",
'grapes' : 'small fruit, which the fox did not get'}
while True:
fruitName = input('Enter Fruit name : ')
if fruitName == None:
print('say a fruit name or type exit to exit')
elif fruitName in fruitDictionary:
fruitFound = fruitDictionary[fruitName]
print(fruitFound)
elif fruitName == 'exit':
break
else:
print(fruitName+' not found')
#Printing binary without using binary convertion
myList = []
newNum = 0
myNum = int(input('Enter a number : '))
print('{:b}'.format(myNum))
while int(myNum) / 10 > 0 :
myList.append(int(myNum %2))
myNum /= 2
print(myList[::-1])
for i in myList[::-1]:
print(i**2,end='')
# DECIMAL, BINARY, HEX and Octal
mobile = 80136,91634,70444
for k in mobile:
print("{0:>5} : decimal , {0:>010b} : binary, {0:>010x} : hex, {0:>010o} : octal".format(k))
print('-'*10+'END HERE'+'-'*10)
print('='*50)
print('-'*10+'Some More examples'+'-'*10)
print('-'*10+'Hex Operations'+'-'*10)
hex1 = 0x2d4
hex2 = 0xf
hex3 = 0x11
# hex4 = x25
# hex4 is not allowed as it does not have prefix of '0' Zero
print(hex1)
print(hex2)
print(hex3)
print("{} in decimal ".format(hex2*hex1))
print("{:>015b} in binary".format(hex2*hex1))
print("{:>06x} in HEX".format(hex2*hex1))
print("{:>06o} in octal".format(hex2*hex1))
print('-'*10+'Octal Operations'+'-'*10)
oct1 = 0o32
oct2 = 0o7
oct3 = 0o44
# oct1 = o256
# oct4 is not allowed as it does not have prefix '0'
print(oct1)
print(oct2)
print(oct3)
# print(oct1)
print('{0:>03} in decimal'.format(oct1*oct2))
print('{0:>08b} in binary'.format(oct1*oct2))
print('{0:>04x} in Hex'.format(oct1*oct2))
print('{0:>04o} in Octal'.format(oct1*oct2))
print('-'*10+'Binary Operations'+'-'*10)
bin1 = 0b1010101
bin2 = 0b1011111
bin3 = 0b1011
print(bin1)
print(bin2)
print(bin3)
print('{0:>03} in decimal'.format(bin1*bin2))
print('{0:>08b} in binary'.format(bin1*bin2))
print('{0:>08x} in Hex'.format(bin1*bin2))
print('{0:>08o} in Octal'.format(bin1*bin2))
print('='*10 + 'Example 1' + '='*10)
myTuple = 'a','b','c'
print(myTuple)
print('a','b','c')
print(('a', 'b', 'c'))
print("Above is actually treated as a tuple ")
print('='*10 + 'Example 2' + '='*10)
myAlbum1 = "FirstTrackName","Artist1","50 Songs"
myAlbum2 = "SecondTrackName","Artist2","10 Songs"
myAlbum3 = "ThirdTrackName","Artist3","20 Songs"
myAlbum4 = "FourthTrackName","Artist4","5 Songs"
myAlbum5 = "FifthTrackName","Artist5","25 Songs"
myAlbum6 = "SixthTrackName","Artist6","40 Songs"
for i in range(0,len(myAlbum1)):
print(myAlbum1[i])
print('-'*10 + 'Tuples are immutable' + '-'*10)
print('-'*10 + 'but we can create new with same name and drop the older version' + '-'*10)
print(myAlbum1)
# myAlbum1[1] = "Artist8"
# this is not allowed, as Tuples is non mutable
#Python allows indexing and Slicing
#based on values of the myAlbum1 before this line
#myAlbum[0],myAlbum[1],myAlbum[2] can be accessed easily
#Now these values can be mapped into a new tuple
#we are naming in myAlbum1, hence this will create a new tuple with name myAlbum1
#hence dropping previous myAlbum1
myAlbum1 = myAlbum1[0],'Artist8',myAlbum1[2]
print(myAlbum1)
print('-'*10 + 'List are Mutable' + '-'*10)
myList = ['hello', 'World', 'Python', 1991]
print(myList)
myList[1] = 'Everyone'
print(myList)
print('-'*10 + 'Mapping feature of Python is Kool' + '-'*10)
print('-'*10 + 'This is called Unpacking The tuple' + '-'*10)
track, artist, song = myAlbum1
print(track)
print('='*10 + 'Example 1' + '='*10)
week_list = ['Sunday','Monday','Tuesday','Wednesday','Thursday','Friday','Saturday']
my_days = iter(week_list)
for i in range(0,len(week_list)):
next_day = next(my_days)
print(next_day)
print('='*10 + 'Same as above' + '='*10)
week_list = ['Sunday','Monday','Tuesday','Wednesday','Thursday','Friday','Saturday']
for i in week_list:
print(i)
print('='*10 + 'Example 2' + '='*10)
myStr = '1234567890'
for i in myStr:
print(i, end='\t')
print()
print('='*10 + 'Same as above' + '='*10)
myStr = '1234567890'
for i in iter(myStr):
print(i, end='\t')
print("\n===============Example new===============")
# no matter what higer range value you give it will use same amount of memory
evenList = list(range(0,10,2))
oddList = list(range(1,10,2))
myNum = evenList + oddList
print(sorted(myNum))
print(range(0,5,2)==range(0,7,2))
myString = 'nrael ot nuf os si nohtyP'
print(myString[::-1])
print(myString)
even=[2,4,6,8]
odd=[1,3,5,7,9]
number = even+odd
arranged_number = sorted(number)
print(arranged_number)
if number == arranged_number:
print("Numbers are equal")
else:
print("Not equal")
if arranged_number == sorted(number):
print("But it is same NOW")
else:
print("Still, not same")
myList1=['a','']
myList2=list('abc de')
print(" myList1 = {} \n myList2 = {}".format(myList1,myList2))
if myList1 == myList2 :
print("They are equal")
print(list(' This is Strange to me'))
#Note == does content check and not reference check
# Hence even though odd and another_odd below references difference object
# but their content is same, hence they pass the '==' check
even = [2,4,6,8]
another_even = even
if even == another_even:
print("Even and Another_Even are equal, hence they point to same object")
else:
print("Even and Another_Even1 are not equal, hence they do not point to same object")
another_even.sort(reverse=True)
print("{} Printing Even now".format(even))
print("+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++")
odd = [1,3,5,7,9]
another_odd = list(odd)
if odd == another_odd:
print("Odd and Another_Odd are equal, hence they point to same object")
else:
print("Odd and Another_Odd are not equal, hence they do not point to same object")
another_odd.sort(reverse=True)
print("{} Printing Odd now".format(odd))
#Guessing Game
import random
randNum = random.randint(1,6)
print(randNum)
myNum =-1
while myNum != 0:
myNum = int(input("Please enter a Number 1-10"))
if myNum>10 or myNum <0:
print("{} is not allowed".format(myNum))
continue
elif myNum-randNum>0:
print("choose lower")
elif myNum-randNum<0:
print("Choose higer")
else:
print("Congrats you got {}".format(randNum))
break
print("Palindrome".center(20,"*"))
name = input("Enter Word : ")
end = len(name) - 1
checkFlag = 0
for i in range(int(len(name)/2)):
print(" {} and {} ".format(name[i], name[end-i]))
if name[i].lower() == name[end-i].lower():
continue
else:
checkFlag =1
if checkFlag == 0:
print("Pallindrome")
else:
print("No")
print("Fibonacci".center(20,"*"))
def fibonaci(n):
if n <=1:
return 1
else:
return fibonaci(n-2) + fibonaci(n-1)
n = int(input("Enter Number : "))
for i in range(n):
print(fibonaci(i))
ipAddress = input("Enter The IP address ")
# 172.98.09.876
block = 0
seperator = 1
for elements in ipAddress:
if elements == '.':
print("{} block has\t{} elsements".format(seperator,block))
seperator +=1
block=0
else:
block+=1
else:
if elements != '.':
print("{} block has\t{} elsements".format(seperator,block))
Programming is Fun 